'Dryden's Essay On Dramatic Poesy'

  'Dryden's Essay On Dramatic Poesy'

                This blog is in response to  Bridge Course - Essay of Dramatic Poesie by John Dryden assigned by Dr. Dilip Barad sir. John Dryden’s “An Essay on Dramatic Poesy” presents a brief discussion of the Neo-classical theory of Literature. He defends the classical drama saying that it is an imitation of life and reflects human nature clearly.

            

                An Essay on Dramatic Poesy is written in the form of a dialogue among four speakers: Eugenius, Crites, Lisideius, and Neander. The four speakers are Sir Robert Howard [Crites], Lord Buckhurst or Charles Sackville [Eugenius], Sir Charles Sedley [Lisedeius], and Dryden himself (Neander means "new man" and implies that Dryden, as a respected member of the gentry class, is entitled to join in this dialogue on an equal footing with the three older men who are his social superiors). Eugenius favors the modern. Crites favors the ancients, blank verse French vs English. Lisideius Favours French drama. Neander favors the modern-English plays, rhyme.

Difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of Play:-

           Before we jump into the discussion of the difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of Play, let's understand each of their Definitions.

According to Aristotle, 

"Tragedy is an imitation [mimesis] of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude…through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation [catharsis] of these emotions.”

According to Dryden,

"A play ought to be a just and lively image of human nature, representing its passions and humors, and the changes of fortune to which it is subject, for the delight and instruction of mankind." 

                                                                                                                                                                                Aristotle and Dryden, we can say that both have in one way a similar opinion of the work of art when we took the first part of both definitions. And that is an Imitation of action and A just and lively image of human nature. Both have the same idea that it should be a presentation of human life. The second part of the definition of both is yes, same but while completing the second part, we must understand that Aristotle only defines Tragedy and Dryden defines Play in general. So both give the same idea. In the third part, there is an idea of instruction and delight. Aristotle's definition of Tragedy ended with the therapeutic word Catharsis while Dryden's definition of Play ended with delight and instructions.

        By comparison, we can say that both have similar ideas but Dryden moves a step forward when he says it is for the delight and instruction of mankind.

                                    

Do you think that the arguments presented in favor of the French plays and against favorh plays are appropriate? 

ANS:

 

                Lisideius speaks in favour of the French. He agrees with Eugenius that in the last generation the English drama was superior. The French are superior to the Efavor for various reasons. One of them being they follow the Ancients. They favour the Unity of time and they observe it so carefully. When it comes to the Unity of Place, they are equally careful. In most of their plays, the entire action is limited to one place. 

                 thate French do not burden the play with a fat plrepresent a story which will be one complete action, and everything which is unnecessary is carefully excluded. But the English burden their plays with actions and incidents which have no logical and natural connection with the main action so much so that an English play is a mere compilation. Hence the French plays are better written than the English ones. 

                    It is wrong to believe that the he Frenselectionsent no part of their action on the stage. Instead, they make proper selection. Cruel actions which are likely to cause hatred, or disbelief by their impossibility, must be avoided or merely narrated. They must not be represented. The French follow this rule in practice and so avoid much of the tumult of the English plays by reducing their plots to reasonable limits. Such narrations are common in the plays of the Ancients and the great English dramatists like Ben Jonson and Fletcher. Thereforwell-managedh must not be blamed for their narration, which is judicious andl managed. 

 

                            

 

 

                In short, the English drama has decayed and declined because they live in an awful age full of bloodshed and violence, and poetry is an art of peace. Thtoamas did not decline because they stick to the ancient unities. The English tried to do something new in order to differ from them. 

If you are supposed to give your personal predilection, would you be on the sid,e of the Ancient or the Modern?

Ancients vs Moderns:

      In Essay of Dramatic Poesy, Eugenius, Crites, Lisidius and all four present different opinions of Ancient and Modern plays, and French and English plays.If I am supposed to give my personal predilection I would be on the side of the Modern. I would also be in favour of the English plays.In Of Dramatic Poesy, Eugenius is in the defence of the Moderns. 

            "Moderns are standing on the shoulders of the Ancients. Modernity is always both a mixture of History as well as a new way of looking.

                While thinking about the superiority of modern and ancient's playwrights or the plays, we should not underestimate the contribution of Ancients. As we all know that Ancients give us a way to look upon, they are pillars of the modern world. At the same time it is not right if we would say that ancients are the superior or Moderns are not. Because Moderns have both quality, adaption of Ancient tradition and Idea and power of Modern way of looking or we can say that they are mixture of Old and New ideology. We cannot ignore that all we have is because of Ancients but Moderns have their different way of looking with the new ideas towards life.

      In the essay, Neander favours the moderns but does not underestimate the ancients. He also favours English drama and has some critical -things to say of French drama: "those beauties of the French poesy are such as will raise perfection higher where it is, but are not sufficient to give it where it is not: they are indeed the beauties of a statue, but not of a man.

                So, for this reason I want to be on the side of Moderns. here's the video on- Dramatic Poesie by John Dryden which will help to understan the topic in detailed -video on Dramatic Poesie by John Dryden

                                        

*  Words      1084

*   Images     3

*   Video       4 ( included the link of                                video )

Thinking Task- Rape of The Lock.

 

1] According to you, who is the protagonist of the poem Clarissa or Belinda? Why?

              According to me, Clarissa is the protagonist of the poem. Here are some reasons for it...

         Alexander Pope's mock epic The Rape of the Lock portrays the suffering and humiliation of Belinda, the fair protagonist, at the hands of her would-be suitor.  But the real heroine of the poem is Clarissa, Belinda’s friend and accomplice in her misfortunes.  In divulging something of her rationale, through her actions and most especially in her profound soliloquy, Pope makes the point that this character of the poem most represents his own ideal of a salient being balanced between the ‘Thought and Passion’ depicted as extremes in his ‘Essay on Manan’.

              When the reader first encounters Clarissa by name, she is slipping the fateful scissors to the baron, enabling him to commit his atrocity against Belinda.  Clarissa is malicious; she is motivated by her own attraction to the baron and hopes to exploit his attraction for her friend to compromise Belinda’s composure.  She is certain that a violent fit will be the inevitable response, and expects to rise in the baron’s esteem as Belinda falls.

          But Belinda’s emotional lament surprises them all.  She is all vanity and passion, devoid of reason except to justify, or presume to justify, what she says and does.  She decries the loss of her virgin curl (–I like to assume she has never had a haircut; vis., c. 2; ll. 19-28), without realising why she dolls herself up so exquisitely.  Clarissa, in contrast, is mostly the reason.  To her, though she may well be comely, any methods by which a maiden might secure the attention and affection of a man are fair play.

           A close reading of Clarissa’s speech in Canto 5 shows her to be the poem’s best-balanced of the characters, despite her cruel behaviour and selfish motives.  From her initial rhetorical question, ‘(W)why are Beauties prais’d and honour’d most’ to her closing argument, she implores the use of saneness above all.  The beautifully bedecked Belinda has missed the point of all her outward appeal.  Clarissa reminds her:

  ‘How vain are all these Glories, all our Pains,

  Unless good Sense preserves what Beauty gains.

         To Clarissa, a man is a fool to desire a woman for beauty alone, and a woman is a fool to demonstrate nothing but beauty to attract him.  This is the balance that Pope is so eager to idealise.  After all, as Clarissa so richly points out, beauty alone is no virtue, for it is fleeting.  Beauty, therefore, cannot be an end in itself but may be a means to meet one’s ultimate responsibility to society: to marry well and nurture heirs, not hairs.  As Clarissa so soberly reminds, ‘…she who scorns a Man, must die a Maid’.

        Poor vain Belinda does not realise she has already got what she sought.  Clarissa, like Eloisa, or Swift’s Vanessa, has something of a masculine sensibility, in that she knows an enlightened beauty possessed of reason represents the best balance of character, appealing to both the passions and the mind.  Though her behaviour may seem cruel, even abhorrent, she is at least sensible enough to call a spade a spade.  All beauty will decay, and thus vanity is a losing battle, and so the smart woman– the one of true virtue– will maintain good humour through all.  Clarissa concludes: ‘Charms strike the Sight, but Merit wins the Soul’.

      No-one applauds.  Her point is utterly lost on the other characters, and a wild four-way melee ensues amidst bass and treble cries.  Pope’s most obvious message is probably illustrated here: that people in general are too predisposed to chaotic passion to heed calm reason.  Sane Clarissa’s foregone involvement in the fray demonstrates that even she is subject to a weakness for irrational action, though Pope has her free herself as if to indicate on whose side lie his own sentiments.  At the end of the epic struggle, no one really wins, giving credence to the image of man ‘Created half to rise, and a half to fall’.  The reader will note that as the baron and Belinda fall to the carpet, grappling madly in a furious passion, the lock of hair ascends into the sky.  The very item of their contention, both the instrument of their union in passion and the remainder of their abandonment of reason, is lost in the consummation of its ultimate purpose.

2] What is Beauty?

      

                Beauty is the 'Deformity' of society which is created by us only. In we, as a society blame an individual for not being as per our expectations and sometimes with is not pleasant to our eyes. Acid Attack survivor Lakshmi Agarwal says-

   “Beauty is how you feel about yourself, not what you see in the mirror.”

3] Find out a research paper on "Rape of The Lock".

            Here's the research paper which has an important aspects of 'Rape of the Lock' by Pope. Jstor article.

4] significance of hair.

                    In Hindu tradition, the hair from birth is associated with undesirable traits from past lives. Thus, on the occasion of the Mundan ceremony, the child is shaven to signify freedom from the past and moving into the future. It is also believed that the shaving of the hair stimulates the proper growth of the brain and nerves, whereas a tuft at the crown of the head, protects the memory.

                A boy's first haircut, usually in his 1st or 3rd year, is known as Choula, and represents yet another such Samskara. It is considered an event of great auspiciousness. Conventionally, a Hindu girl never has her hair cut after the first haircut, which generally happens at the age of 11 months. Therefore, the first haircut for the girl is very important because that is the only time they do. However, some Hindus practice a tonsure ceremony for girls as well. While complete tonsure is common, some Hindus prefer to leave some hair on the head, distinguishing this rite from the inauspicious tonsure that occurs on the death of a parent. Those who practice complete tonsure generally ritually offer the hair to their family deity. Many travel to temples such as the famed Tirumala Venkateswara Temple to perform this ritual.

    

               Mayoor Balsara, CEO of India's largest exporter of human hair, Sona Devi Trading Company, says: “For poor rural women, their hair is their only vanity. They have saved up to make a once-in-a-lifetime journey. Thousands have made an oath to their gods – they may have asked to be blessed with a child or for a good harvest. Should their wish be fulfilled, they offer their most precious possession as a sign of gratitude. Offering your hair to the god is a symbolic gesture of surrendering one's ego, and a way of giving thanks for your blessings.” The hair is transported in fiber sacks by truck to Bangalore. “We buy hair in metric tons,” Mr. Balsara explains, “a ton represents 3000 women.” In his factories, the hair is washed by hand in giant baths, and then laboriously pulled through long beds of spikes by hand to smooth it before being tied into neat bundles of 200 strands each. Finally, the hair is packed into cardboard boxes and flown to Nepi, Italy, where the pigment is removed, a process that involves soaking of the hair in rows of small white baths for up to 20 days. India exports an estimated 2000 tons of hair a year, and ships it around the world. “Temple hair,” as it is known, finds its way to hundreds of British salons, where it is sold in the form of real hair extensions. Great Lengths International, a leading manufacturer, supplies 1'300 salons in Britain alone. The advantage of human hair is obvious: It both looks and feels better than synthetic additions. Moreover, the quality of Indian hair is known to be extraordinarily good. In comparison, European hair is too thin in diameter for the process, while Chinese hair, is too thick and rigid for use with European clients.

                  In India, Long hair is one of the most important part of female body. Indian literature often describes women's hair as "hair like a black cobra snake" For Indian woman, her hair is her pride and as per their point of view, 'A women's real beauty lies in their hair' and personally I also belive so, that a long and black hair is like a treasure for a girl as I also have enough long hair. Here's the video of my hair with the trend going on, on Instagram.

Neo Classical Age

             

 Neoclassicism in English literature refers to a movement that flourished between 1660 and 1798. The term refers to a style that is based on, but different from, the classic structures of the Roman and Greek writers of old. 'Neo' means 'New', so the term literally means the "Old Classic". However, neoclassicism was a unique style with its own themes and works.

            Neoclassicism began after the Renaissance. Whereas the Renaissance focused on lifting the individual and making people larger than life and limitless in their potential, neoclassicism placed the individual in the context of society. The individual became flawed, and passion needed to be curved by reason. Neoclassicism started in 1660 when the Stuarts returned to the throne and the Enlightenment was in full swing. When the neoclassical period was the predominant style, artists like Daniel Defoe and Samuel Johnson flourished.

                 The publication of Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads in 1798, however, marked the end of the neoclassical period. These poems ended Neoclassicism and began the Romantic Age. Whereas Neoclassicism looked to the beauty of order, Romanticism later emphasized the individual and put more weight on the imaginative and personal.

Stages of the Neoclassical Era

The Neoclassical era can be broken down into three general eras: the Restoration Period, the Augustan Period, and the Age of Johnson.

1] The Restoration Period

The first period in the Neoclassical Period was the Restoration Period. The name comes from the restoration of the monarchy after the return of Charles II after Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth. Artists of the time first looked back to the old Greek and Roman plays and works and emulated their general style. These works followed the same basic guidelines but relied far more on satire.

Odes and pastorals also became popular, and people looked to fight back against the Enlightenment. Protestant aesthetics became more widespread as writers looked to be somber and more pious than the previous generation. Writing genres like travel writing, biography, and journalism took on greater importance.

2] The Augustan Period

The Augustan Period was named after the Roman emperor Augustus. The name gives credit to his drive to bring order and prosperity to the Roman Empire. Similarly, artists of this period embraced rationalist and realistic styles and a more dominant tone. Fiction novels and journalism developed into forms similar to their modern counterparts and satire became a major genre. Writing also started to move away from the courtly writing of the past and began to move towards a more emotional and romantic style.

3] The Age of Johnson

The Age of Johnson is named after Samuel Johnson, one of the most prominent artists during this time. He wrote The Dictionary of the English Language between 1745 and 1755. Comedies remained popular, though poetry was slowly embracing a more sentimental style, something the Romantics would build on later. The novel of sensibility, a work that touches a reader's compassion or sympathy, also grew during this time and would be the precursor to the gothic novels of the 19th century.

Q1. Compare and contrast the condition of women during the neo-classical age with contemporary time.

         During this time The Blue Stockings Society was established by women in England. Through this society, women and intellectual people stimulated their intellect. Elizabeth Montagu was an anomaly in this society as she took possession of her husband's property after his death which resulted in addition to power in her world.  Women writers were never admired or had been given a place equivalent to that of male writers in English Literature. The derogatory term like female quill drivers was so uncommon. Women from well-to-do families were expected to get married and devote their efforts to it. Despite all the odds few female poets upsurged with their works. even in contemporary times, many writers hide their identity under a pen name as they feel that there is lesser space for female writers in society. in earlier times, females never received the hierarchy from their fathers or husband and eventually, they were dependent on the person who became the heir later on. nowadays, it is not so common but such practices still exist, and many women are dependent. Women were looked upon as marriage materials and it was believed that their only goal should be to find a suitable groom and get married. During that time society was patriarchal and even today patriarchy is witnessed almost worldwide. Women were neglected and hence lack of opportunities, undoubtedly they have more opportunities these days, but we can't overlook the fact that women still experience negligence.

2] Pioneer writers and poets of this age:-

Jane Austen (novelist):-

Jane Austen, (born December 16, 1775, Steventon, Hampshire, England—died July 18, 1817, Winchester, Hampshire), English writer who first gave the novel its distinctly modern character.

John Lock (philosopher):-

John Locke (1632-1704) presents an intriguing figure in the history of political philosophy.

François-Marie Arouet / Voltaire(French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher):-

François-Marie d’Arouet (1694–1778), better known by his pen name Voltaire, was a French writer and public activist who played a singular role in defining the eighteenth-century movement called the Enlightenment. 

David Hume (philosopher):-

David Hume (1711-1776) is commonly known for his philosophical skepticism, and empiricist theory of knowledge, he also made many important contributions to moral philosophy.

Johnthan Swift(Anglo-Irish satirist, author, easiest, and poet):-

Jonathan Swift, pseudonym Isaac Bickerstaff, (born November 30, 1667, Dublin, died October 19, 1745, Dublin), Anglo-Irish author, who was the foremost prose satirist in the English language.

Alexander Pope (poet, satirist and translator):-

Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744) was an English poet, translator, and satirist of the Enlightenment era who is considered one of the most prominent English poets of the early 18th century.

Thomas Gray (poet):-

Thomas Gray (26 December 1716 – 30 July 1771) was an English poet, letter-writer, classical scholar, and professor at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He is widely known for his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, published in 1751.

Robert Burns (Scottish poet and lyricist):-

Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796), also known familiarly as Rabbie Burns, was a Scottish poet and lyricist. He is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland and is celebrated worldwide. 

Samuel Richardson (writer and printer):-

Samuel Richardson (August 19, 1689 – July 4, 1761) was a major eighteenth century writer, primarily known for his three monumental novels Pamela, Clarissa, and Sir Charles Grandison. Richardson is widely considered to be the inventor of the epistolary novel.

So, These were some of the famous and great poets and writers who contributed this age and gave this age so many great works and also meaning to this age in history of Literature.

Favourite major/minor poet/writer of the age:-

Robert Burns:-

Robert Burns was born on 25 January 1795 in Allowy, Ayrshire, Scotland and died on 21st July 1796 in Dumfries, United Kingdom. He is aslo know as Rabbie Burns. He was Scottish poet, lyricist, farmer and excise-man. He is extensively considered as a national poet of Scotland. He also contributed in romantic moment. He is regarded as a pioneer of the Romantic movement.

The Burns Cottage in Alloway, Ayrshire

Burns was born two miles (3 km) south of Ayr, in Alloway, the eldest of the seven children of William Burnes (1721–1784)and Agnes Broun (1732–1820). Burns father was a farmer.He had little regular schooling and got much of his education from his father, who taught his children reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and history. John Murdoch thaught him Latin, French and Mathematics. By the age of 15, Burns was the principal labourer at Mount Oliphant. 

During the harvest of 1774, he was assisted by Nelly Kilpatrick (1759–1820), who inspired his first attempt at poetry, "O, Once I Lov'd A Bonnie Lass".

O, Once I Lov'd A Bonie Lass

1.

O, once I lov'd a bonie lass,

Ay, and I love her still!

And whilst that virtue warms my breast,

I'll love my handsome Nell.

2.

As bonie lasses I hae seen,

And monie full as braw,

But for a modest gracefu' mien

The like I never saw.

3.

A bonie lass, I will confess,

Is pleasant to the e'e;

But without some better qualities

She's no a lass for me.

4.

But Nelly's looks are blythe and sweet,

And, what is best of a',

Her reputation is complete

And fair without a flaw.

5.

She dresses ay sae clean and neat,

Both decent and genteel;

And then there's something in her gait

Gars onie dress look weel.

6.

A gaudy dress and gentle air

May slightly touch the heart;

But it's innocence and modesty

That polishes the dart.

7.

'Tis this in Nelly pleases me,

'Tis this enchants my soul;

For absolutely in my breast

She reigns without controul.

He married Jean Armour and had 12 Childrens. During his lifetime he struggled very much but this struggle gave him so many inspiration to make this beautiful poems that stole our hearts after reading and understanding it. Throughout his life time he wrote over 550 poems and songs and also known for this wild writing. Here are some famous and notable works of him:-

• A Red, Red Rose
• To a Mouse
• To a Louse
• Tam O' Shanter
• Comin' Thro' the Rye
• Halloween 
• To a Mountain Daisy
• Holly Willie's Prayer
• The Slaves Lament
• Why should we idly waste our prime

Q3.Moll Flanders as picaresque novel.

                Picaresque novel is a genre of prose fiction. It depicts the adventures of roughish but appealing hero generally of low class who lives by his wits in a corrupt society. These novels typically adopt the realistic style, often in satirical or comical manner. This kind of narrative is generally written in first person or autobiography format. There is little or no plot in such novels. The story is described in loose episodes or adventures. Moll Flanders is a picaresque novel by Daniel Defoe published in 1722. This novel depicts the Adventures of strong willed, lusty woman, who is compelled since childhood to make her way in the 17th century. The plot is summed up in the novel's full title: The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders, &c. Who was born in Newgate, during a life of continued variety for threescore years, besides her childhood, was 12 years a whore, 5 times a wife, once to her brother, 12 years a thief,8 years a transported felon in Virginia, at last grew rich, lived an honest life, died a penitent, written from her own ,memorandums. These described characteristics, almost follow all the characteristics of a picaresque novel and hence is considered one. it has a loose plot, and the hero is of low social class as she has been a whore for years and a thief too, also the end says lived an honestly which contradicts the deeds, and a satirical element cane be seen here. 

We can also relate the movie Gangubai Khatiyawadi starring Alia Bhatt which was released in the year 2022. It revolves around a girl who accepted prostitution as her boyfriend sold her to a pimp in exchange of some money. And throughout the movie she along with her other friends try to gain respect in the society and she argues in a public speaking that as everyone else has a profession, this is her's and she does it with utmost honesty. She constantly seeks respect from society and somewhat accomplishes it to an extent. Even this story can be related to that of Moll Flanders as even she is said to have lived an honest life.

Workshop - Thinking Skill

 

              This blog is based on the 2 day workshop held at our Department of English. Mr. Milan Pandya conducted this wonderful workshop on thinking skills. 

    “What? Why? How? When?”

       were some of the objectives of this workshop. As the title itself suggests this workshop was based on thinking activities that helped us in rationalizing our thoughts and seeing through the objectives of life. Our day-to-day life reflects the thinking abilities we possess and how we apply logic to our lives. Here's some major points with which Mr. Milan Pandya dealt with:

1] Critical Thinking -

       "If something is true, what else                 has to be true?"

                           - Mr. Milan Pandya 

            This statement is more of a complicated one but, to identify the truth and logic of a particular argument or subject, applying this formula makes it much easier. Whenever we want to check anything, simple application of it can list out the fakeness of the rumor. We see such spread of news on social media apps like whatsapp, facebook, instagram, twitter where people spread rumors on the name news. 

Many of the television advertisements also try to play with our mindsets in order to market their products. Famous actors and celebrities endorse brands that they might never use and portray their happiness for petty discounts aswell. To stay aware of such catchy ads is tough but at a point we all may realise that whatever is displayed is much different than the actual reality. Such things are not just limited to ads but also has it's widespread among daily soaps and movies all over the world.

   We also need to know what is 'possible' and 'plausible'. There is a very thin line between these words and also tough to differentiate. We can develop understanding about these words by simple knowing the meaning. Plausible is something that can be used to make a valid point while possible means something can be true but not reasonable enough to have proper faith. 

“Thinking about thinking in order to improve thinking" - Milan Pandya

       It's not always critical thinking but at times creative and logical thinking as well. Positive and negative thoughts are the two sides of this coin named thinking. It's upon you and your perspective how you look upon things in life and how you deal with them defines the type of person you are. The probability of your peers and your family affecting your mental health are much higher than we thought of it to be. If one lives in a happy milieu it's comparatively easy for that person to be happy and satisfied while distress can lead to negativity and bad mental health. Hence, it's very important to choose your circle carefully.

2] Thought experiment

      Thought experiment is a mental exercise given to us and it comes with it's own rules and regulations and after fitting yourself into it you have to make choices. This is a mental exercise to rationalize what and why we think and also it gives us an insight about ourselves and the choices we make reflects the value we have. These experiments are extremely essential for rationalizing and conditioning of our minds.

      

         At last I'm thankful to our HOD, Professor Dilip Barad for organizing such a knowledgeable workshop for students of -Department of English.

Life of pi

     

Movie starts with the natural scenario. It included Indian architecture animals and Indian music as well.

       Than comes and encounter with Patel family. Our narrator named Piscine molitor patel. His father named him after French swimming pool. his father was teaching him how to overcome fear of water. Later on we can see that other children's are making fun of the name Piscine patel with pissing patel, teachers were feeling trouble to pronouncing his name.once in his school he starts the day with explaining the formula of Pi and from that every next period he was explaining the formula of Pi. For a whole day in his school he was explaining formula of Pi and from that day he became famous as Pi Patel. Father was a zookeeper. 

       Narrator consider Pondicherry as the French revira of India. In a vityway he consider himself as a catholic Hindu.

     “None of us knows god until 1 introduces US” 

        He Grows up with the story of Krishna which he heard from his mother on the other hand his father tells him that “religion is darkness”. He questions God and religion. He involves himself in many religious activities and at the dinner table he is brother makes fun of him with calling him-“you going to Mecca Swami Jesus?" His father suggest him to take interest in reason rather than religion.

     Next in the story there is an encounter with the tiger of zoo named Richard Parkar. While his father was scolding him he says that he has seen soul of tiger in its eyes. Very next moment pi he sees his own emotions in reflection of tigers eyes. To Clarify the point of view his father shows cruel incident of hunting.

      When Pi grows up he meets Anandi in dancing classes like a thing. In that dance girls wear showing love to gods through the dance and expression.

there was a mudra of Lotus in the ending of dance. Which hides or reflects future's secrets. He follows Anandi and when Anandi caught him she asked him that why is he following her. Then he asked her that I did she made the pose of lotus she first made pose of pataka which means forest and then she made a pose of lotus Anandi explains that Lotus symbols purity.

This incident accidentally has shown the future. Then he is family decided to leave India. And he said goodbye to Anandi and made promise to come back and he says that he doesn't remember their moment of goodbye. And with his family he left India.

      Middle of his journey there is a storm in the ocean. A while pi enjoys the view and atmosphere of heavy rain, thunder. Within minutes there is a ship wreck in which he lost his family but he had few animals with him in a life boat. First he sees only a monkey, zebra and hyena. Hyena kills zebra and later on monkey. In the morning five find out that there is a tiger also in the life boat and tiger killed hyena. Was a struggle between Pi and tiger. Somehow pi and tiger manages to leave on a single boat. While searching in the boat pi find a booklet which was guide. There is an contradiction while reading a guide and living because there was a description of how to pass a time in a life boat there was description of a game of cards which can be played by people on the life boat but here is the irony that on the life boat by was alone with the tiger.

      There are some fights struggle between pi and tiger. because of irritation pi tries to kill tiger. Trying to kill tiger he seas he is own reflection into the tiger eyes. I was fully vegetarian boy but to survive in the middle of the sea he has to eat fish and he started eating a fish. 

He was treating tiger like a human but unconsciously he was becoming an animal and tiger started behaving like a human.

     

Tiger got a amazed by the fishes. Jumps into Ocean to catch that fish but it became hard to return on life boat. How the managers to survive and later on they reached at human Island which was having shape of human. It was so beautiful that there was a beautiful pond in which there was dream cable water and some vegetarian food. Also was having fun eating variety of animals. In the night that Island started every single alive thing. And water of that pound started becoming acidic. There was a Lotus like fruit when Pi open it there was a human tooth in it. Through this can have strike in his mind that earlier we had reference of this incident in Anjali and pi's conversation. Every mudra of Anjali was connected with the Life of Pi anonymously. But mainly the mudra of lotus expressed a lot. Hotels is symbol of purity and ocean also describe purity.

      In the ending pi Nelly reaches at the shore along with the tiger. Both were looking very weak. The end there was a good by movement of Pi and the tiger. After Reaching at shore and tiger both comes out from the boat. I was very happy and he was cheering up the tiger that they have finally reached at the shore. But tiger didn't took a moment to look after pi. Tiger keeps on walking to the Jungle he didn't turn for a moment see or to say goodbye to pi. He just walked to the Jungle. After facing so many troubles by made it to the shore and he lived a long with the tiger through his journey that troubles didn't more than him but not saying goodbye of tiger or not even looking to pi, troubled him more. 

      At the end of the movie, pi confuses the writer by telling the other story and told him to believe in whatever he likes. This is how movie (and novel as well) leave us with trouble and suspance.