do as directed

1) change the gender 

2) singular and plural:

1) Change the tenses:

Basic changes-

Simple Present Tense (સાદો વર્તમાન કાળ)

simple Past Tense ( સાદો ભૂતકાળ)–

Perfect Past Tense (પૂર્ણ ભૂતકાળ)-

Example:

1) Prachi wants to settle in the U.S.A. She will continue a master degree in commerce. She likes to saty at her uncle’s house.

Start like this:Prachi wanted to settle…..

3) Besides Africa, Gir National Park in Gujarat is the only place in the world where you can spot lions roaming free in the wild. The real discovery channel of India is situated approximately 65Kms South East of Junagarh District.

Start like this : Besides Africa, Gir National Park in Gujarat was..............

conjunctions

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Conjunctions: The Bridge of Language

Language is like a road, and words are the vehicles moving on it. But what connects these words, phrases, and sentences together? That job is done by conjunctions. They are like bridges that join ideas and help us express our thoughts clearly.

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What is a Conjunction?

A conjunction is a word that connects words, groups of words, or sentences together.

Examples:

• Ramesh and Suresh are best friends.

• I want to go, but it is raining.

• We will stay here until you come.

Here, the words and, but, until are conjunctions.

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Types of Conjunctions

1. Coordinating Conjunctions

They join words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance.

Common coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet

Examples:

• He is tall and strong.

• She was tired, yet she completed her homework.

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2. Subordinating Conjunctions

They connect a dependent clause (incomplete idea) to an independent clause (complete idea).

Common subordinating conjunctions: because, although, since, until, if, when, unless

Examples:

• I did not go to school because I was ill.

• You cannot leave until the bell rings.

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3. Correlative Conjunctions

They always work in pairs.

Common pairs: either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, both…and, whether…or

Examples:

• Either Rina or Mina will come.

• He is not only intelligent but also hardworking.

Common Conjunctions

Some of the most useful conjunctions in English are:

and, but, or, so, yet, for, because, since, although, though, until, unless, if, when, while, after, before, as, as soon as, once, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, both…and, whether…or

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Why Are Conjunctions Important?

• They make writing smoother.

• They help us avoid short, broken sentences.

• They allow us to express complex ideas easily.

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Exercise

A. Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions.

1. He worked hard ___ he did not succeed.

2. I stayed at home ___ it was raining.

3. You can have tea ___ coffee.

4. She is poor ___ honest.

5. ___ he is rich, he is not happy.

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B. Identify the conjunctions in the following sentences.

1. I like apples and mangoes.

2. She will not come unless you invite her.

3. Both Rahul and Rohan are playing cricket.

4. We waited, but he did not arrive.

5. He left early because he had an appointment.

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C. Rewrite the following sentences using the given conjunction.

1. He is very tired. He will finish the work. (yet)

2. You must run fast. You will miss the bus. (or)

3. I will call you. I will message you. (either…or)

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Answer Key

A.

1. but

2. because

3. or

4. but

5. Although

B.

1. and

2. unless

3. both…and

4. but

5. because

C.

1. He is very tired, yet he will finish the work.

2. You must run fast, or you will miss the bus.

3. I will either call you or message you.

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Quick Tip for Students

Remember:

• Use and to add ideas.

• Use but/yet to show contrast.

• Use because/since to show reason.

• Use if/unless to show condition.

• Use either…or / neither…nor for choices.

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Conjunctions may look small, but they play a big role in making your sentences meaningful and well-connected. Practice using them in your writing, and soon your language will flow like a smooth river!

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Happy Learning! ✨

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Unit -5 playing with the fire

1. Read the extracts and answer the questions.

 

(1) One of our favourite festivals in India is Deepavali or Diwali, as it is known in the North. There is nothing to match the excitement when crackers go off in the night sky with a loud bang and a brilliant shower of colours. Many of us might wonder how these fireworks are made, and what goes into them. The physics and chemistry of fireworks is as interesting as the sound and the light they emit.

1) Nothing can match the excitement when ………

Ans. Nothing can match the excitement when crackers go off in the night sky with a loud bang and a brilliant shower of colours.

2) The physics and chemistry of fireworks is as interesting as ………

Ans. The physics and chemistry of fireworks is as interesting as the sound and the light they emit.

       

(2) The science of fireworks is technically called, ‘pyrotechnics’ – from the Greek word ‘pyr’ meaning fire and ‘technics’ meaning an art. Pyrotechnics includes not only fireworks but also a whole range of devices that use similar materials and principles, from safety matches that we use every day to solid fuel rocket boosters of the space shuttle. The household match is considered a special pyrotechnic device, as all the pyrotechnics effects – heat, smoke, light, gas and sound – are present in it.

1) What is pyrotechnics?

Ans. Pyrotechnics is the science of fireworks.

2) What does the word ‘pyr’ mean?

Ans. The word ‘pyr’ means fire.

3) What does pyrotechnics include?

Ans. Pyrotechnics includes not only fireworks but also a whole range of devices that use similar materials and principles, from safety matches to solid fuel rocket boosters of the space shuttle.

4. Why is the household match a special pyrotechnic device?

Ans. The household match is a special pyrotechnic device because all the pyrotechnics effects – heat, smoke, light, gas and sound – are present in it.

5. Which are the different pyrotechnics effects in a household match?

Ans. The different pyrotechnics effects in a household match are: heat, smoke, light, gas and sound.

(3) Some historians say that ‘black powder’, the basic material used in fireworks, was invented in India. Shukranti, written more than two thousand years ago, has references to weapons similar to guns and projectile weapons.

Which is the basic material used in fireworks?

Ans. The basic material used in fireworks is black powder.

Shukranti has references to ………

Ans. Shukranti has references to weapons similar to guns and projectile weapons.

. 

(4) However, the Chinese are generally considered the pioneers of pyrotechnics. They are said to have developed ‘black powder’ more than one thousand years ago. It took at least two hundred years for the knowledge to spread to the west, and it was only in 1242 that an English monk, Roger Bacon, revealed the formula for “black powder”. He considered it such a dangerous substance that he wrote of it in a code language.

Who are said to be the pioneers of pyrotechnics?

Ans. The Chinese are said to be the pioneers of pyrotechnics.and principles, from safety matches to solid fuel rocket boosters of the space shuttle.

2. Who developed black powder? When?

Ans. The Chinese developed black powder more than one thousand years ago.

3. Who revealed the formula for black powder? When?

Ans. Roger Bacon, an English monk, revealed the formula for black powder in 1242.

4. Why did Roger Bacon write about black powder in code language?

Ans. Roger Bacon wrote about black powder in code language because he considered it a very dangerous substance.

5. What was Roger Bacon’s opinion about black powder?

Ans. According to Roger Bacon, black powder was a very dangerous substance.

(5) The basic formula of the black powder, or gun powder, has remained unchanged for centuries. It is a blend of potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulphur in the ratio of 75:15:10 by weight. It is almost the perfect combination as it is and no further improvements or alternations need be made. Experts say that this might be the only chemical product still using the same age-old proportions and manufacturing techniques.

………. has remained unchanged for centuries.

Ans. The basic formula of black powder has remained unchanged for centuries.

3) What is the formula for black powder?

Ans. Black powder is a blend of potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulphur in the ratio of 75:15:10 by weight.

2) What do the experts say about the formula of black powder?

Ans. Experts say that black powder might be the only chemical product still using the same age-old proportions and manufacturing techniques.