Indian Poetics

            

             When we talk about Indian poetics the very first and common thing came in our mind is that, "Indian poetics refers to the literary traditions and forms of poetry found in the Indian subcontinent, including the present-day countries of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. These traditions have a rich history dating back to ancient times and include a variety of forms such as the epic poem, the lyric, and the drama. Many of these forms are based on traditional Indian principles of aesthetics, such as rasa (emotional flavor) and dharma (ethical and moral principles). Indian poetics also includes the study of poetics in Indian languages such as Sanskrit, Bengali, Hindi, and Urdu."

                Generally indian literature is known as a Indian poetics. As specially the ancient Sanskrit literature like Vedas, Purana, Upnishad, and the poetry. Aristotle gave definition of poetics, according to him poetics means Kavya. And Indian poetics means Kavya which is written in India, In Indian language. In Indian poetics we find six schools or theory.

1) The Rasa theory

2) The Alamkara theory

3) The Dhvani theory

4) The Vakrokti theory

5) The Riti Theory

6) The aucitya theory

Rasa means emotional state of mind. Rasa theory was established by Bharata. He gave the process of Rasa sequel, for that he wrote that,

"विभावानुभावव्यभिचारी संयोगात रसनिष्पति:।"

This sentence taken from sixth part of natyasastra. The sentence made up by four words,

१) विभाव :- Object

२) अनुभाव :- our response / outer expressions.

३) व्यभिचारी भाव :- Transitory emotions

४) संयोग :- Combination of all this.

In short,When Object, our Emotions and expression comes together, at that time Rasa energize. According to Bharata, Rasa is of nine kind.

१) करुण - Sorrow

२) भयानक - Terror

३) रौद्र - Anger

४) शृंगार - रति - love

५) वीर - उत्साह - Energy

६) हास्य - Mirth

७) बिभत्स - जुगुप्सा - Disgust

८) अदभुत - विस्मय - Astonishment

९) शांत - निर्वेद - Calm

It is believed that, Rasa Theory is superior than all other theories, there are four commenters who wrote something about this Rasa theory of Bharata. Worthy to note that RASA comes out only because of these four BHAVAS Vibhav, Anubhav, Sancharibhav, Sthayibhav, and Sthayibhav. Natysastra is the foundation of fine arts in India.

2) Alamkar Theory:

Bhamaha is the first who introduced alamkara poetics. The second and third chapter of KAVYALLAMKARA deals with 35 figures of speech.

Mammata enumerates sixty-one figures and groups them into seven types like…

1. Upma= simile

2. Rupaka= Metaphor

3. Aprastuta Prasmsa =Indirect description

4.Dipaka= Stringed figures

5.Vyatreka =Dissimilitude

6.Virodha =Contradiction

7.Samuccaya= Concatenation

3] Dhvani Theory :

            Language is the central theme of the Dhvani theory; it is viewed in terms of phrase or word meaning. Power of suggestion and verbal persuasion. Understanding the meaning behind what is said is crucial. It's possible that what's said doesn't imply what it actually does. However, it gives off a different vibe. When someone says, "You are a lion," for instance.

            The simple interpretation is that the human addressed by the sentence is a lion. However, it is not scientifically possible. However, if we have literary sense, language knowledge, and an understanding of meaning, we can easily assume that the person wishes to say, YOU ARE A BRAVE OR YOU ARE A COURAGEOUS. Language is always a liar. And Dhvani is infatuated with language. And it is all about how one interprets it.

            Anandavardhana wrote in his treatise "Dhvanyavloka" that Kavya is a result of words and their meaning. He went on to say that Dhvani is Kavya's soul. Language does not have its own meaning. However, it is embedded in language. Dhvani generally refers to the esoteric meaning of what is being told or said. Dhvani is split into two parts.

1) Prakrata Dhvani :-

Prakrata dhvani is a sound of norms. Or we can say meaning behind meaning. For example if I say, A girl with moon face. Means a girl is beautiful.

2) Vaikrta Dhvani :-

The actual sound of what is spoken is called vaikrta dhvani. For example if I say, A girl with a moon face. Means a girl has a moon in place of face.

Dhvani is divided into three major types.

1) Vastu dhvani

2) Alankaara dhvani

3) Rasa dhvani.

Vastu dhvani and Alankaara dhvani can be expressed by direct meaning or by suggestions. But Rasa dhvani is more important. It is not expressed directly. But it come out through emotions or suggestions.

1) vastu dhvani :- Sudden blast of meaning.

2) Alankaara dhvani :- Alankar make dhvani more beautiful or thriller.

3) Rasa dhvani :- Indirect meaning of sentence. Which is more interesting.

Mammta explains dhvani in three fold functions.

1) Abhidha

2) Lakshana

3) Vyanjana

1) Abhidha :-

Abhidha means denotation. Which give direct meaning of what is spoken. For example Darkness eats him every day. It simply means darkness eating a man. Which is not possible scientifically but if we look for direct meaning, we get this.

2) Lakshana :-

Lakshana means indication. or Inferior meaning of what is spoken.where we are not able to take direct meaning, we understand the sentence by inferior meaning.

3) Vyanjana :-

Vyanjana means suggestions, when we are able to get direct meaning of words and still we don't take it and look for another meaning is called vyanjana.for example, when we say, Darkness eats him every day. It simply means darkness is eating him. But indirect meaning is he is in pain and sorrow. And when we understand this meaning which is not even spoken. that is called vyanjana.

4) Vakrokti Theory

                Karnataka is known as the originator of this Sanskrit literary theory. Vakrokti theory is a literary theory found in the Indian tradition of poetics, specifically in the ancient Indian language of Sanskrit. The theory states that the meaning of a word or phrase can be conveyed in a twisted or indirect way, rather than a straightforward manner. The theory posits that the use of figurative language and imagery can create a more powerful and evocative effect on the reader or listener. The vakrokti theory is one of the key principles in Indian poetics and is used to analyze and appreciate poetry, particularly in the context of the Indian epic poem, the Ramayana. It is also used to understand and analyze other forms of Indian literature such as drama and lyric poetry.Vakrokti is a theory of poetry that perceives poetry essentially in terms of the language of its expressions. Here Vakrokti turns into beauty.

                                                    "विशिष्टभंगीभणिति"

                                                                             - कुंतक

Vakrokti means specifically stated. Vakrokti is something which is not told directly, but it gives indirect meaning. Or we can say sometimes it is similar to taunting. According to Kuntaka, beauty is not in directness, but it is in sarcasm.

5] Riti Theory : 

                Vamana represents the Riti school of poetics. He wrote Kavyalankar sutravritti treaties. Riti was also defined by him. He wrote that it means like a character's expression. He also stated in his writing, This means that our appearance can reveal both our strengths and weaknesses. He went on to say that riti is a literary / poetic identity. And riti is always associated with one's reaction after reading or listening. Riti theory is a concept in Indian poetics that refers to the literary style or manner of expression used in a work of literature. The term "riti" is derived from the Sanskrit word for "style" or "manner," and it is used to describe the various ways in which an author can convey meaning and emotion through language. In Indian poetics, riti is considered to be one of the most important elements in the creation and interpretation of literature, as it is believed to be the key to understanding the author's intent and the overall meaning of a work. Riti theory is a part of the Natyashastra, an ancient Indian treatise on aesthetics, which discusses the different ritis in detail.

In a nutshell, we can interpret riti as a unique style of writing, speaking, and performing.

6] Auchitya Theoy:

                Ksmendra presented Aucitya theory in his Aucityvicaracarca treaties. Aucitya's general meaning is justification, propriety, decency, or reasonableness. However, according to Ksmendra Aucitya, the term generally refers to poetic harmony.

"Aucitya is the soul of the poem," wrote Ksmendra. The theory of Aucitya is the only theory that is universally accepted by all poets. Ksmendra classified Aucitya into twenty-seven categories.

Kshemendra’s discussions of the principle of Aucitya are from the point of view of both the writer and the reader and are articulated in its given cultural and philosophical context. Kshemendra made aucitya spine elements of literariness. He defines aucitya as the property of an expression being an exact and appropriate analog of the expressed.

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Transcendentalism

             Transcendentalism is a philosophical and literary movement that emerged in the early 19th century in the United States. Its main ideas include the inherent goodness of people and nature, the rejection of traditional institutions and beliefs, and the belief in the individual's ability to transcend the limitations of the physical world and achieve a higher understanding of the universe. Key figures in the movement include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller. Transcendentalism had a significant influence on American literature, culture, and thought.

               While looking at Transcendentalism one may find Transcendentalism and Romanticism same. But this both are slightly different from each other. From both characteristics of Transcendentalism and Romanticism one can get the difference.

The core characteristics of Transcendentalism include:

1] Belief in the inherent goodness of people and nature: Transcendentalists believed that people and nature are inherently good and that society and institutions corrupt them.

2] Emphasis on individualism and self-reliance: Transcendentalists believed that each person has their own unique perspective and should rely on their own intuition and inner guidance.

3] The importance of intuition and spiritual reflection: Transcendentalists believed that people could transcend the material world and achieve a higher understanding of the world through intuition and spiritual reflection.

4] Criticism of organized religion and traditional institutions: Transcendentalists criticized organized religion and traditional institutions, such as churches and schools, as being stifling and restrictive.

5] Celebration of nature: Transcendentalists celebrated nature as a source of inspiration, truth, and beauty, and believed that it could help people connect with the divine.

6] The idea of "over-soul" or the sense of unity that pervades all things. Transcendentalists believed that people are all connected and that everything in the universe is interconnected, and that this interconnectedness is the "Over-Soul"

7] Emphasis on nonconformity and free thinking: Transcendentalists believed in breaking free from societal norms and embracing free thinking, rather than conforming to traditional beliefs and customs.

The core characteristics of Romanticism include:

1] Emphasis on emotions and imagination: Romantics believed that emotions and imagination are more important than reason and that people should follow their hearts rather than their heads.

2] Celebration of nature: Romantics celebrated nature as a source of inspiration, beauty, and truth, and believed that it could help people connect with their inner selves and the divine.

3] Interest in the supernatural, exotic and the medieval: Romantics had an interest in the supernatural, exotic and the medieval and it was reflected in their literature, art and music.

4] Emphasis on individuality and self-expression: Romantics believed that each person has their own unique perspective and should be free to express themselves.

5] Criticism of industrialization and societal constraints: Romantics criticized industrialization and the constraints of society, believing that they stifled creativity and individualism.

6] The importance of the common man and the people: Romantics celebrated the common man, the folk and the people, often portraying them as heroic figures in their literature.

7] Interest in the past and the medieval: Romantics often looked to the past, particularly the medieval period, for inspiration and as a source of nostalgia.

8] Preference for the picturesque, wild and the untamed: Romantics preferred the picturesque, wild and the untamed, seeing beauty in the roughness and imperfections of nature.

One example of a work that incorporates transcendentalist ideas is the movie "Dead Poet's Society" (1989) directed by Peter Weir. 

        The film is set in an all-boys preparatory school in the 1950s and centers around an English teacher, Mr. Keating, who encourages his students to think for themselves and to seek their own individual truths.

            One of the core principles of Transcendentalism is the emphasis on individualism, self-reliance and non-conformity. In the movie, Mr. Keating tells his students to "seize the day" and to make their lives extraordinary. He encourages them to question authority and to look beyond the status quo. He also encourages them to "suck the marrow out of life" which is a metaphor of Ralph Waldo Emerson's that means to live life to the fullest and to extract all the goodness from it.

Furthermore, the film also explores the transcendentalist idea of nature as a source of spiritual inspiration. Mr. Keating takes his students to a cave where they read poetry and contemplate the beauty of nature. They also go to a forest to read poetry, where nature serves as a backdrop for their musings about the self and the human experience.

                In my view, the movie effectively captures the spirit of Transcendentalism and encourages viewers to think for themselves and to seek their own individual truths. The film also showcases the importance of nature in the human experience and how it can serve as a source of spiritual inspiration.

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Existentialism: Flipped Learning

         Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual freedom and choice, and the inherent meaninglessness of life. It holds that individuals must create their own meaning in life, as there is no inherent meaning in the universe. The philosophy also stresses the importance of personal responsibility and the human condition. It was popularized by philosophers such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Friedrich Nietzsche.

        Existentialism emphasizes action, freedom, and decision as fundamental to human existence; and is fundamentally opposed to the rationalist tradition and to positivism. That is, it argues against definitions of human beings as primarily rational.a person who believes in philosophy according to which the world has no meaning and each person is alone and completely responsible for his or her own actions: He's a pessimistic existentialist. The existentialists have something to tell us about taking charge of our own future. See. An example of an existential play would be the movie "I Heart Huckabees." In this movie, a character uses a blanket to symbolize the universe and each part of the blanket is a person or thing.For his emphasis on individual existence—particularly religious existence—as a constant process of becoming and for his invocation of the associated concepts of authenticity, commitment, responsibility, anxiety, and dread, Søren Kierkegaard is generally considered the father of existentialism.

Video-1: 

Existentialism is a philosophical and literary movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and, choice. It originated in the mid-to-late 19th century but reached its peak in France in the mid-20th century. The term existentialism was coined by the Danish theologian and philosopher Soren Kierkegaard. Soren was an existentialist philosopher. Kierkegaard was a philosopher, religious writer, satirist, psychologist, journalist, and literary critic, generally regarded as the "father" of existentialism. Existentialism is a philosophical and literary movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice. It originated in the mid-to-late 19th century but reached its peak in France in the mid-20th century. Another father of this movement, who resembled Kierkegaard in his rebellion against Luther and Hegel, created the opposite existentialism, atheistic existentialism, which continues to this day. was Nietzsche. While philosophers such as Soren Kierkegaard, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Friedrich Nietzsche questioned essentialism in the nineteenth century, existentialism emerged in the mid-twentieth century after the horrific events of World War II - Popularized by Paul Sartre.

Video 2:

        This video deals with Albert Camus's The Myth of Sisyphus and Absurd Reasoning. He begins with, "There is but one truly serious philosophical problem, and that is suicide." for Camus, suicide is an individual Act. When we feel absurd and despair about things which have no meaning, we might commit suicide. Camus noticed that many people died because they felt that their life is not worth living. The relation between an individual and suicide which considered ART. Further, the narrator of the video mentioned the Movie, STAY. The protagonist said it was the best artwork of the 19th century. The phrase from the movie like "An elegant suicide is the ultimate work of art"Further very interesting part of the video comes about divorce-life and love death. Once one discovers that life is absurd the question that Dose this absurdity require one to escape it through Hope or Suicide? Camus said that "In truth, there is no necessary common measure between these two judgments." And Is there a logic or the point of death? He suggests that I cannot know unless I pursue without reckless passion in the sole light of the evidence, the reasoning of which I am here suggesting the source. This is what I call Absurd Reasoning."

Video 3:

        This video deals with The Myth of Sisyphus: the notion of philosophical suicide Absurd in detail. The narrator said that the absurd is neither in man nor in the world. It can only occur in their presence together. Most people do not feel hesitate to reflect. We need to confront the problem of the absurd and struggle with it which implies in the total absence of hope, continual rejection, and conscious disdissatisfactionIn absurd mind, reason is useless and there is nothing beyond reasoner Kierkegaard, faith is the solution to the absurd, but in Camus's statements, we can see that it is Escapism. The leap considered that believing within

Video-4:

This video deals with the two movements and their differences, and also explains how Dadaism is just like Existentialism. Most people believe that Dadaism is associated with nihilism. But in reality, it is not. The main goal of Dadaism is not to create creation but to always question all values. It's an art movement. Dadaism is a way to free yourself from everything, a chance to create your own value. Nihilism and Dadaism are not the same. Dada is the answer to World War I, just as existentialism is the answer to World War II.

Video-5: 

Why was existentialism considered a dark philosophy? Words such as fear, absurdity, and despair may be subject to debate at the deeper levels of life. The solution is to believe in God, find the truth that is true for you, and live a foolish life. Existentialism is also a narcissistic philosophy. Existentialism is the answer to the post-war emptiness. Existentialism is not the same as nihilism.

Video-6: 

According to Kierkegaard, all existentialists have fought nihilism. He explains that nihilism is defined as the that introduces loss of individuality. For Nietzsche, these are the highest values  devalue oneself. Emile Cioran accepts life passively, and this position can be described as "nihilistic approval".It is passivity that keeps a person from committing suicide. He feels that every suicide has a responsibility to fight the temptation to commit suicide. Rejecting the rebellion, he wrote: When Camus was writing The Myth of Sisyphus, he argued why the only correct answer to the absurdity of life is rebellion.

Video-7:

This video introduces existentialism inmora e broadlyThis movement or term is quite difficult to explain as well tornderstand. Existentialism is not a classical system nor a set of doctrines. It is best to the classified it as a philosophical movement which began in 19th century in Europe. Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche ofteespeciallythe father of this movement. Existentialism became especially prominent in the mid-20th century and specially after world war two. Existentia alists are all concerned with the problem of living life as a human but take some serious questions inmeanhuman condition that Why am I here? What rejecmeanns to that man? How should I live my life?  They rejects systems which propose to have definitive answers to the questions of ma eaning and purpose in life. However, Christianity has been the most d ominproblemencompthe assing system in the history ofthe west.The problems with All-Encompassing system is that, they do not adequately take into account what it is like to be human. Such systems lose sight of the human perspective on life. TTheherthere also some divdivinebetwthe eebeenivine perspective and Human perspective. Divine perspective often comes with a beliwas ef in immortality. "Existence precedes Essence " this idea put forth by Jean-Paul Sartre in a 1945 lecture titled, "Is Existhe tentialism a Humanism"

The concept of Essence comes from Greek philosopher Aristotle. He believes that "Every substance or in other words every independent thing be it a person a rock or a tree has asubstances" Aristotle had a teleological view of nature-all substance in nature tend towards human actualization of their essence. The nature (nature) of human was acting in faccordancerdan with reason. Those who see humans as beings designed by a God also hold that our essence precedesistence. Another hand Sartre that our existence is precedes. For him, humans are fundamentally different from things like cars,watches, or phones. Aina tAinat Sartre did not believe humans were "designed".I the conclusion, with the differences between Existentialism and Nihilism. Nihilism is  no meaning or purpose to life and it is not a necessary characteristic of Existentialism.

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In this video, two teachers teach children about existentialism and nanAnandriedrich Nietzsche. It explains why parents and teachers set certain rules and values why they do them. We can make our own rules and values for our lives. Did you ask a very simple question why your mother ordered you tocltocleanm? It's your own room and it's your own choice to make it clear.We There is no one universal morality that governs everyone. Deciding what is good and what is bad is part of what Nietzsche called Superman.

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        The video begins with questions like: What gives your life meaning? God? Love? money? jobs? The narrator of this video talked about ow a sense of purpose is something we all crave and perhaps even need.How can we find meaning in life?Through religion, education, social justice, etc. . A very striking example was given by the speaker that a knife could have a wooden handle or a metal die. It doesn't really matter, but it's not a knife without a blade.Here the blade is an essential quality given by the worker. Ancient philosophers believed that everything, including us, has an essence and that our essence existed before we were born. This essence gives us purpose to live in a certain way. This philosophy is called essentialism. However, the emergence of modern philosophies, they imply that our existence precedes our essence. I can say The significance of existence that appeared at the end of the 19th century is absurd. After World War II, no one in the West could find the meaning of life, and it is called the meaninglessness and meaninglessness of life, which Camus called the ability. There is also a conflict between freedom and authority. I have. We find freedom through governments, religions, societies, or whoever we think fulfills our need to be free. But we are the only ones free from need. As Camus put it, it is called "true freedom."

I like this video Because through it, I am experiencing something very important, the Essence, and I am trying to find out what Essence I have put into my life and what I will put into it.

~ Here are some questions which raised in my mind while watching this video :

1] How an ‘Elegant Sucide’ is work of art?

2] In the third video it is said that, excepting the god, there are many other ways of leaping from absurdity, which are those ways?

The Great Gatsby

Who is Gatsby?

Jay Gatsby originally named James Gatz is the titular fictional character of F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald based many details about the fictional character on Max Gerlach, a mysterious neighbor, and World War I veteran whom the author met while living on Long Island near New York City during the raucous Jazz Age. Like Gerlach, Gatsby is an enigmatic nouveau riche millionaire who lives in a luxurious mansion where he often hosts extravagant parties and who gained his vast fortune by illicit bootlegging during prohibition in the United States.

            

The character of Jay Gatsby has been analyzed by scholars for many decades and has given rise to a number of critical interpretations. Scholars have posited that Gatsby functions as a cipher because of his obscure origins, his unclear religio-ethnic identity, and his indeterminate class status. Accordingly, Gatsby's socio-economic ascent is deemed a threat by other characters in the novel not only due to his status as nouveau riche but because he is perceived as a societal outsider. The character's biographical details indicate his family is recent immigrants which preclude Gatsby from the status of an Old Stock American. As the embodiment of "latest America", Gatsby's rise triggers status anxieties typical of the 1920s era, involving xenophobia and anti-immigrant sentime.

A century after the novel's publication, Gatsby has become a cultural touchstone in 20th century America and is often evoked in popular media in the context of the American Dream—the belief that every individual, regardless of their origins, may seek and achieve their desired goals, "be they political, monetary, or social. It is the literary expression of the concept of America: The land of opportunity".Gatsby has been described by literary scholars as a false prophet of the American dream as pursuing the dream often results in dissatisfaction for those who chase it, owing to its unattainability.

The film was highly polarizing among critics; it received both praise and criticism for its acting performances, soundtrack, visual style, direction, and faithfulness to the source material. Audiences responded more positively and Fitzgerald's granddaughter praised the film, stating "Scott would have been proud."As of 2017, it is Luhrmann's highest-grossing film, grossing over $353 million worldwide. At the 86th Academy Awards, the film won in both of its nominated categories: Best Production Design and Best Costume Design.

The Cast: 

Leonardo DiCaprio

Tobey Maguire

Carey Mulligan

Joel Edgerton

Elizabeth Debicki

Isla Fisher

Jason Clarke

Amitabh Bachchan

The Jazz Age :

The Jazz Age was a period in the 1920s and 1930s in which jazz music and dance styles rapidly gained nationwide popularity in the United States. The Jazz Age's cultural repercussions were primarily felt in the United States, the birthplace of jazz.

The novel and film capture jazz Age From the publication of his 1922 collection, Tales of the Jazz Age, and beyond, F. Scott Fitzgerald has been inextricably linked to jazz. Indeed, Fitzgerald is even widely believed to have coined the term “Jazz Age,” and although the phrase predated Fitzgerald’s book, his usage unquestionably boosted its popularity immensely. The presence of jazz in his other works, perhaps most iconically in his grand novel The Great Gatsby, linked the term even more tightly to his name. Today, the moniker “Jazz Age” has come to signify, as a kind of evocative shorthand, the 1920s in both academic and pop culture. Because jazz’s lineage—difficult as it is to pin down—was tightly bound up with African-American performance, the music often came to signify black American cultural production, and so, whenever Fitzgerald invoked jazz, he was often, simultaneously, invoking blackness. Yet The Great Gatsby’s usage of jazz is complicated, as Fitzgerald was simultaneously a proponent of the then-new, race-crossing music and a writer prone to resorting to racial stereotypes when black characters appeared—a combination that, unfortunately, was far from uncommon in Fitzgerald’s day.

It is difficult to overstate the pre-eminence of jazz in the early twentieth century in America, appearing as a theme in everything from clubs to cartoons to realist fiction. “For the makers, consumers, and arbiters of culture,” the theater and music scholar David Savran wrote in 2006, “jazz was everything. A weltanschauung, a personal identity, a metaphysics, an epistemology, an ethics, an eros, a mode of sociality—an entire way of being.” It was a musical style that, with its improvised orchestration, complexity, and danceable melodies, seemed to represent, through the fusion of seemingly contrary impulses, so much of the world at the time: the dissonance of Modernism, on the one hand, with jazz’s rejection of straightforward classical music, and, on the other hand, its class-transcending popularity, whereby both rich and poor could, in theory, dance to similar music.

In the film, Scott used the term Jazz music or dance style mentioned during the party given by Jay Gatsby. The party actually given by him to impress Daisy who married Tom. The way the people were danced in the party, shows modernistic term which presented by Baz Luhrmann in the film. The cinematography. The rolling of camera upon the people and covered the entire hall was also very amazing. The man who played piano, and the other peoples who enjoyed the free party. The organization of party is also beautiful. The white chandelier also played significance role in the party that the striking light shows high prosperity of the rich-class.

The another thing is that, in the underground party while Meyer Wolfsheim, Jay Gatsby and Nick were there. The Jazz music also played in the meeting at Apartment Party. So the music also consider as how the corrupted society and through the music and dance people enjoyed their corrupted business life. And during the accident scene music also played while Myrtle's body was on air and the board which represent the eyes of God.

How did the film help to understand the characters of the Novel?

Honestly saying the Movie helped a lot to understand every single flow of the novel very well. Here are some scenes I liked the most.

The scene Where Gatsby suddenly bumped into Daisy.

As the Narrator says Gatsby is the most optimistic character in the novel movie also when he was in the pool he was expecting Daisy's call. That is not just one thing we found him most hopeful person there are lot more things that prove him full of hope person anyone could ever be.

The film help in understanding the characters of the novel:

Film is the literary tool which helps us to understand the novel. In this movie, first narrative technique is quite difficult. The narrator told the past of his life with his cousin and his lover Jay Gatsby who is the main character of the story. In film, cinematography is quite helpful to understand the characters. Sometimes we read the description about particular character but we don't understand what they think in-sightly. Like the most important character is the eyes of God which presented very silently through the rolling of camera.

The symbolic significance of 'The Valley of Ashes', 'The Eyes of Dr. T J Eckleberg' and 'The Green Light'?

The Valley of Ashes:

In the second chapter of the novel is begins with the introduction of The Valley of Ashes.Lines like,

About half way between West Egg and New York the motor-road hastily joins the railroad and runs beside it for a quarter of a mile, so as to shrink away from a certain desolate area of land. This is a valley of ashes—a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens where ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and finally, with a transcendent effort, of men who move dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air.

This paragraph shows the industrialization and how the dimly air,chimneys, rising smoke are represents the sketch of mechanism.

Occasionally a line of grey cars crawls along an invisible track, gives out a ghastly creak and comes to rest, and immediately the ash-grey men swarm up with leaden spades and stir up an impenetrable cloud which screens their obscure operations from your sight.

While this paragraph symbolized the sight of poor people like George Wilson who lived that dirty era of ashes. In the film,while Tom go to that valley area to meet his lover and wife of George, Myrtle, the way the car is pass through the black roads and presents the class like, Tom's talking with George and other people also connecting with Classicism.

The Eyes of Dr.T.J.Eckleberg:

In the film, this eyes were painted on an old advertising billboard which is stand over the valley of ashes.In the film, the accident scene was depicted the symbolization.

The Green Light:

The Green light symbolized the hope, dreams and future of Jay Gatsby. In hope may be it symbolized that Daisy will come in his life. The another things like his dreams and his future to live and to have the rich and lavish life.

Psychoanalytical study of Jay Gatsby: 

Great Gastby vision of life. Natural attraction of wealth Power,Beauty,shame,Guilt shame For he is boy from Small town Norther Farye he talk about he was shame for his lover class in his Parents Farmers Gatsby describe as Self made man start create persona change his name he believe serve in army persona of himself Against Reaction shame

Guit Feeling people feel they done something wrong Broken something moral shame feeling about selfwrong Gatsby shame about lower class upbringing and he does Lewis displays wealth psychologist says reaction for motion shame for poor People think about you The Character of Novel not feel guit for their actions.

Nick as Narrator: 

Going Beyound simple Narration how to Portray himself and others to his reades no dout he present himself more Positive sympathetic way possible this is true from the opening Sentence of the Book Nick writes in my younger and more vulnerable year my father gave some advice that I've been turning ove on my mind ever since this line is chock full of carefully chosen Language inteapnded to evoke Pathos and sentimentality,Gatsby This opening persona forms the foundational sea persona of Nick Carryway.

he's a mid western good boy always try to see The best in people very decent, good Moral carrway from his enduring awkwardness Among the crowds at Gatsby's First Party Nick Wrote about Tom ' Now he was Sturdy strawhaired man of Thirty with a rather hard mouth and supercilious manner.Two shinig arrogat leyes had established dominance. over his face and gave him the apperance at always learning aggressively very forward Nick speakva gruff husky tenor added to the impression of Peachousness be conveyed there was a touch of paternal content Problematic aspect of Nick's backstory Lerman does address it's treated as little more than a throw away time during a quick dinner montage early in the film after  this brief exchange subject is dropped completely that's for Nick and Jordan we'll there are given romantic subplot that end up playing as the fish out of water mid western guy landing the sophisticated New York girl who's out of his league it's not hard to see why Lerman would choose tools over the troubling threat of Nick is supposed to function as an audience surrogate then it's a lot easier to root for a wide-eyed under dog then an Egoitsheal cheater.

In Novel NICK's moto keep himself at arm's length from the action and consequences that take place the desired effect is for the great gutsby simple observer Nick perspective as a victim doesn't consistently help up he know about Jay and Daisy relationship.Tom asked him to see my wife he denied another was the accident victim narrative vichimized by difficult and shocking situation.

Conclusion: 

The Great Gatsby is one of the Best American Fiction novels Written by F.Scott.Fitzgerald Which is published in 1925. Set in Jazz Age.

Here is a brief blog on my understanding of The Great Gatsby.

The Birthday Party

 The Birthday Party was received badly when it first opened in 1958 and lasted only a handful of performances. Harold Pinter is heralded as one of the 20th Century’s greatest playwrights even 60 years on, and this play is viewed as one of his finest.

Housed at the eponymous Harold Pinter Theatre, and in the capable hands of red-hot director Ian Rickson, Pinter’s thriller still feels darkly scary, and menacingly disorientating as it celebrates its own big 60th birthday.

Pinter never fully explained the story of the characters or situations in The Birthday Party. All he’d reveal was that the thriller was inspired by a rundown guest house in Eastbourne in the Fifties. Ramshackle and outdated, the character of the house is tinged with the poverty caused by the war.

We meet the owners, Petey and Meg, played by Zoe Wanamaker and Peter Wight. Their only lodger, Stanley, who has stayed one year, is something of a mystery. In the middle of his life, he is a clapped-out pianist who ‘once gave a concert’…

Cue menacing villains Goldberg and McCann, who rock up seemingly randomly at the guesthouse, but they’re actually hellbent on ruining Stanley’s birthday party, organized by bored housewife Meg, who craves Stanley’s attention over her aging husband’s.

Pinter’s neat trick of never revealing the key details about his characters disrupts and fascinates, even 60 years on. There are religious undertones to Goldberg and McCann, who are probably here to murder Stanley, but although the script implies their shared histories, no direct relation between the characters – or any factual knowledge about them – is ever given.

It is alluded to though, in the script, which has remained Pinter’s sternest weapon. His language relies on simple tricks, like repetition and wordplay, to both distance and draw the audience further into the dark matter of his themes: political resilience, loneliness, and the sheer notion of existing.

The mystery is all part of the game. Pinter said the play’s most important line was ‘don’t let them tell you what to do,’ so we can read Stanley as a symbolic lone ranger, victimized by two figures who likely represent ‘the state’.

It is never clear whether characters are revealing truths, or misinformation, as language contradicts itself, and the motives of Goldberg, McCann, and Stanley are largely unclear.

Ian Rickson’s battered set, with the likes of peeling wallpaper and plain furnishings, is dutifully in the period. There are calls for The Birthday Party to be modernized, but for this anniversary edition, the faithful staging feels like a good choice, especially because the play’s themes of rebellion and resistance feel modern enough as they are, in the wake of current political discourse.

Pinter’s play is driven by deep characterization, and Ian Rickson’s all-star cast is led confidently by Zoe Wanamaker. She is resoundingly tragic as housewife Meg, plagued by frustration but so easily lifted by circumstance.

Toby Jones does a stellar job of looking battered and bruised, both physically and mentally, as Stanley does. The character might remind film fans of the tortured victims in Michael Haneke's flick Funny Games; he is equally submissive in the face of horrific threats.

Stephen Mangan gets laughs from the script where Pinter wanted them, but he feels more hammy than charming and more wooden than menacing.

In the wake of the #MeToo movement, Goldberg’s misogynistic advances feel extra pronounced and Mangan gets the character’s inherent sleaze convincingly here.

What’s encouraging for fans of theatre (but a little worrying more generally) is how Pinter’s protagonist Stanley still feels thoroughly modern. He encapsulates the loneliness of existence, both as a single man, and persecuted outcast.

Tradition and Individual

 The essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent is an attack on Certain critical views in Romanticism, especially focusing upon the idea that a poem is primarily an expression of the personality of the poet. Elliot argues that a great poem always asserts and that the poet must develop a sense of the pastness of the past.

1] How would you like to explain Eliot,s concept of Tradition? Do you agree with it?   

    Eliot's concept of tradition. Eliot takes the tradition in a positive way as well as in a larger sense. He also points out that following the tradition is not only slavish imitation. The countries and nations try to preserve their tradition as heritage which is an essential part of their culture and is also handed down from generation to generation. Here one should not merely imitate the tradition but one has to add something new or creative to it and must write with the history in his bones. Tradition is not inherited but it must be acquired with great labor. So we can say that he put emphasis on mingling the past and present with a historical sense.

2) What do you understand in a Historical Sense? 

 Historical sense is the sense of the timeless and the temporal, as well as of the timeless and the temporal together. A writer, who has much sense of tradition, is fully conscious of his own generation, of his place in the present, but he is also actually conscious of his relationship with the writers of the past.

          If we know about figures and facts of history we can understand the time in which people are living and their ways of living, we can compare literary things which are changed, which is better, which is not, many things we can develop with historical sense.

There is a quote from his essay on the historical sense-

"The historical sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the past but of its presence"

          It gives a sense of writing timeless and temporal to the writer. Timelessness is the sense that a work of art doesn't have its past and present. Temporal means it still exists or is present in modern times.

3) What is the relationship between “tradition” and “individual talent,” according to the poet T. S. Eliot?

         Here the tradition is a matter of much wider significance. The title words of the essay "tradition" and "individual talent" have an interconnection. New writers are not merely imitating the tradition but by their own individual talent, they add something new and creative to already existing history or tradition. They give a new charm and beauty to the tradition.

        In “Tradition and the Individual Talent,” Eliot advocates for the separation of art from the artist and argues that tradition has less to do with imitation and more to do with understanding and expanding upon the intellectual and literary context in which one is writing. Some of the main points in T.S. Eliot's essay are tradition, isolation, knowledge, and catalyst.